MTHFD1: Folate and Choline

The MTHFD1 gene encodes the methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase enzyme, which is an essential part of the folate cycle. It’s a trifunctional enzyme that catalyzes three sequential reactions in the folate cycle, which is essential for DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and DNA methylation.

Function of MTHFD1:

The MTHFD1 enzyme acts within the folate cycle to convert 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate and converts 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.

This needs a diagram:

How does the body use folate?

Folate is used in multiple pathways in the body:

• It is used in creating the purine nucleotides needed for DNA and RNA
• Serine and glycine need folate for the interconversion
• Folate is important in the methylation cycle, creating methyl groups,
• Methyl groups are important in the detoxification of arsenic, the creation of melatonin from serotonin, and the metabolism of histamine (plus many other reactions!).

Severe deficiency:

MTHFD1 is an essential part of the cellular process for making some of the nucleotides needed for DNA and RNA. There are only a handful of known case studies on more severe MTHFD1 deficiency, and from these studies, we can get an idea of how important MTHFD1 is (and why complete deficiency isn’t compatible with life).

The studies show that a more severe deficiency can lead to hyperhomocysteine, megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), severe combined immunodeficiency, and retinopathy. According to the case studies “all except the retinopathy resolved after treatment with hydroxocobalamin, betaine and folinic acid.”[ref]

MTHFD1 in pregnancy:

Genetic variants in MTHFD1 affect the relative risk of neural tube defects and other birth defects. Keep in mind that the increase in risk here is an increase in relative risk. This means that if the odds of neural tube defects are 1 in 10,000, then a variant that doubles the risk would make the odds 2 in 10,000.  Still rare, but the research here points to the important role of folate in pregnancy.

Genetic variants in MTHFD1 in the mother are linked to increased relative risk of birth defects, congenital heart defects, and preterm birth.[ref][ref][ref] Folic acid has been recommended for decades for pregnancy because folate is essential for the proper development of the fetus. More recently, people with MTHFR and DHFR variants may opt for methylfolate, which is the more active form used by cells.

While more folate is needed during pregnancy, very high doses may backfire for people with MTHFD1 variants. A mouse model of MTHFD1 polymorphism was used in a study using high doses of folic acid (5X normal dose) during pregnancy.  The study found: “Moderately higher folate intake and MTHFD1-synthetase deficiency in pregnant mice result in a lower methylation potential in maternal liver and embryos and a greater incidence of defects in embryos… These findings have implications for women with high folate intakes, particularly if they are polymorphic for MTHFD1 R653Q.”[ref]
MTHFD1 R653Q is rs2236225 (see genotype report below)

Choline takes up the slack:

In the methylation cycle, either choline or folate can be used as a source of methyl groups, and supplying choline from the diet takes the strain off the methylation cycle. For people with MTHFD1 variants, several studies show that getting more choline can mitigate the negative effects of the SNP.

For example, a study showed that people with the G1958A variant were 7-fold more likely to develop choline deficiency after a month on a diet low in choline. Essentially, carrying the variant means that someone needs about 8g of choline a day compared to 4g without the polymorphism. [ref]

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Lifehacks:

If you carry the MTHFD1 variant, track your diet for a week or so to see how much choline and folate you eat. Be realistic – and if you aren’t exceeding the minimal choline and folate recommendations, consider supplementing or increasing choline and folate in your diet.

Increasing folate:

The US RDA for folate is 400 mcg of dietary folate equivalents, and the recommended upper limit is set at 1,000 mcg/day.

Methylfolate is the active form of folate that is available over the counter as a supplement. It has several advantages over folic acid, especially for people with MTHFR or DHFR variants. Folinic acid is another supplemental form of folate that may be beneficial for people with MTHFD1 variants.  Both methylfolate and folinic acid are more readily useable in cells than dietary folate, which must be converted in the intestines. Keep this in mind when looking at supplements – you may not need as much methylfolate or folinic acid to reach your daily goal.

Focusing on increasing folate-rich foods is another way to mitigate the effects of MTHFD1.

Food	Serving size	Folate (mcg)
Edamame	1/2 cup	241 mcg
Beef liver	1 slice (81g)	211 mcg
Lentils	1/2 cup	178 mcg
Chicken liver pate’	1/4 cup	166 mcg
Chicken liver, pan-fried	1 oz	157 mcg
Black beans, cooked	1/2 cup	127 mcg
Broccoli, cooked	1/2 cup	84 mcg
Hummus	1/2 cup	73 mcg
Pinto beans, canned	1/2 cup	72 mcg
Black-eyed peas, canned	1/2 cup	61 mcg
Spinach, raw	1 cup	58 mcg
Brussels sprouts, cooked	1/2 cup	47 mcg
Green peas, canned	1/2 cup	37 mcg
Kidney beans, canned	1/2 cup	26 mcg
Green beans, canned	1/2 cup	21 mcg
Ribeye steak	300 g	19 mcg
Kale, raw	1 cup	19 mcg

Choline:

Research shows that getting plenty of choline is important for people with the MTHFD1 G1958A variant. Carriers of the A allele are more likely to have choline deficiency on a low choline diet (modified by folate intake).[ref][ref] In one study with premenopausal women, those with an A-allele were 15 times more likely to show choline deficiency symptoms on a diet low in choline.

Choline intake is even more important for pregnant or breastfeeding women with MTHFD1 variants. One study found that women with either PEMT variants or MTHFD1 variants would benefit from higher choline intakes.[ref]

Food sources of choline – National Institute of Health, Health Professionals Fact Sheet

Food	Mg per serving	Percent DV
Beef liver, pan-fried, 3 ounces	356	65
Egg, hard-boiled, 1 large egg	147	27
Beef top round, separable lean only, braised, 3 ounces	117	21
Soybeans, roasted, ½ cup	107	19
Chicken breast, roasted, 3 ounces	72	13
Beef, ground, 93% lean meat, broiled, 3 ounces	72	13
Fish, cod, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat, 3 ounces	71	13
Mushrooms, shiitake, cooked, ½ cup pieces	58	11
Potatoes, red, baked, flesh and skin, 1 large potato	57	10
Wheat germ, toasted, 1 ounce	51	9
Beans, kidney, canned, ½ cup	45	8
Quinoa, cooked, 1 cup	43	8
Milk, 1% fat, 1 cup	43	8
Yogurt, vanilla, nonfat, 1 cup	38	7

Meat and eggs are the most abundant sources of choline — but even so, a serving of chicken breast gives you 13% of the recommended daily value.

In short, if you want to know how much choline you normally get in your diet, you should track what you eat for a week or so. The free online app, cronometer.com, includes the choline content of foods. Choline content isn’t enabled by default, so you will need to go into the settings and turn on ‘choline’.

Recap of your genes:

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Related articles and topics:

Choline-rich foods and recipe ideas

Folate-rich recipes for MTHFR